JKCS041, Early Galaxy Cluster

In 2006, astronomers discovered a distant galaxy cluster, probably containing less than twenty galaxies, which they called JKCS041. Galaxies are usually associated in a group called a cluster - many smaller galaxies surrounding one or more giant ellipticals. The smaller galaxies are often arranged in filaments around the ellipticals. Even after a 12-hour exposure using the VLT telescope, scientists could not read the spectra from JKCS041. Therefore, they used its color (photo-z) to estimate that the light left 10.2 billion years ago. The galactic light shines at about 1/3 the frequencies of local atoms. How do they know the cluster is not just an accidental alignment of galaxies at various distances along the line of sight? Active galaxy clusters are immersed in a cloud of X-rays.

This is a composite image of JKCS041. The blue cloud is an X-ray image from the Chandra Space Observatory. The white galaxies were photographed by the VLT (Very Large Telescope) in Chile. X-ray light pervades the cluster and also projects out in a jet. The jet surrounds a large galaxy. A string of five equally spaced galaxies spirals around the central elliptical.

Modern scientists always deduce their cosmologies from physics. Yet modern physics was historically built on an assumption. When examining a cosmic theory, always ask yourself, how does this assumption affect the theory? The modern metaphysical assumption is: the essence, the intrinsic nature, of matter is fixed. Even scientific measuring and mathematicating depend on the assumption that the properties of matter are not changing relationally - gradually emerging.

The scientific cosmos allegedly began with an explosion of vacuum energy that created everything out of nothing. Supposedly this produced a vast cloud of diffuse gas about 13.5 billion years ago. By their estimates, we observe JKCS041 as it appeared less than four billion years after the big bang. According to scientific theory, stars needed to condense, gravitate into galaxies and collide to form clusters relatively quickly.

Biblical physics depends on a different metaphysical principle: that everything in creation is in bondage to phthora - continuous change. We actually see the past in the distant universe. We see literally billions of ancient galaxies as they existed long ago, through many eras. No ancient galaxy shines with the light frequencies of modern atoms. The most powerful evidence for biblical physics is how the galaxies and galaxy clusters formed. The earliest galaxies are naked objects, without spiral structures. Apparently they were densely packed with primordial matter. Closer galaxies have distinct blue globs of stars spreading out around the cores. At many ranges, we observe how the globs accelerated outward in lanes, spreading out, orbits not closing but opening, as billions of galaxies grew into huge, local, growth spirals. We often find primordial galaxies aligned in filaments or equally spaced chains. Apparently this was the stage when clusters began to spread out. The visible evidence suggests that clusters formed as strings of galaxies were ejected from ellipticals or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). What we see in the universe denies the historical assumption which serves as the foundation for modern physics. We see that the inertial properties of matter, the space it takes up, and its internal atomic frequencies all change relationally (together) throughout cosmic history.

In my next essay, I will examine a closer cluster to see how it differs from the ancient one. Carefully consider whether the basic assumption upon which science was founded is false.